Msikawu umapereka mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya ma conductivity mita, kuyambira zida zapamwamba za labotale kupita ku zida zosavuta zakumunda ndi zida zowunikira nthawi yeniyeni. Mtundu uliwonse umapangidwa kuti ukwaniritse ntchito zosiyanasiyana. Maupangiri awa adzakutengerani paulendo wokwanira pamapangidwe, zopindulitsa zazikulu, zofunikira kwambiri zaukadaulo, komanso kugwiritsa ntchito kwapadera kwamitundu yosiyanasiyana ya ma conductivity mita, kukupatsirani mwatsatanetsatane posankha ndikugwiritsa ntchito zida zoyezera ma conductivity moyenera.

M'ndandanda wazopezekamo:

1. Zofunika Kwambiri za Conductivity Meters

2. Mfundo Yogwirira Ntchito ya Mamita Oyendetsa

3. Mitundu Yonse ya Conductivity Meters

4. Zomwe Muyenera Kuziganizira Posankha Conductivity Meter

5. Kodi Calibrate A Conductivity Meter?

6. Mafunso Ofunsidwa Kawirikawiri

I. Zofunika Kwambiri za Conductivity Meters

Tisanayang'ane pamitundu yoyezera ma conductivity, tiyeni tifufuze zofunikira zamamita onse a conductivity, zomwe zipangitsa kuti kusankha kwa mita ya conductivity kukhala kosavuta:

1. Sensor ya Conductivity (Probe/Electrode)

Gawoli limalumikizana mwachindunji ndi yankho lomwe limayesedwa, likuwona kusintha kwa kayendetsedwe ka magetsi kapena kukana pakati pa maelekitirodi ake kuti ayese ndende ya ion.

2. Mamita Unit

Chigawo chamagetsi ichi chimakhala ndi udindo wopanga magetsi osinthika (AC) voteji, kukonza chizindikiro kuchokera ku sensa, ndikusintha muyeso waiwisi kukhala mtengo wowerengeka.

3. Sensor Kutentha

Conductivity imakhudzidwa kwambiri ndi kusintha kwa kutentha. Kuphatikizidwa mu probe,ndisensor kutenthamosalekezaimayang'anira kutentha kwa yankho ndikugwiritsa ntchito chipukuta misozi chofunikira, kuwonetsetsa kulondola komanso kufananiza kwa zotsatira zoyezera.

II. Mfundo Yogwira Ntchito ya Conductivity Meters

Chiphunzitso cha mita ya conductivity chimadalira njira yeniyeni yamagetsi ndi electrochemical yomwe imayesa kuthekera kwa yankho kunyamula mphamvu yamagetsi.

Khwerero 1: Pangani magetsi

Kachipangizo kameneka kamayambitsa muyeso uwu pogwiritsa ntchito voteji yokhazikika (AC) pamagetsi a sensa (kapena probe).

Pamene sensa imamizidwa mu yankho, ma ions osungunuka (cations ndi anions) ali omasuka kusuntha. Mothandizidwa ndi mphamvu yamagetsi yopangidwa ndi voteji ya AC, ma ion awa amasamukira ku maelekitirodi omwe ali ndi mphamvu zotsutsana, ndikupanga mphamvu yamagetsi yomwe imayenda munjirayo.

Kugwiritsa ntchito mphamvu yamagetsi ya AC ndikofunikira chifukwa kumalepheretsa kufalikira kwa ma elekitirodi ndi kuwonongeka, zomwe zikanapangitsa kuti ziwerengedwe molakwika pakapita nthawi.

Khwerero 2: Werengani ma conductance

Gawo la mita ndiye limayesa kukula kwapano (I) yomwe ikuyenda kudzera mu yankho. Kugwiritsa ntchito mawonekedwe okonzedwanso aChilamulo cha Ohm(G = I / V), pomwe V ndi magetsi ogwiritsidwa ntchito, mita imawerengera njira yamagetsi yamagetsi (G), yomwe imatanthawuza muyeso wa momwe ma electrode amayendera mosavuta pakati pa ma elekitirodi enieni mkati mwa kuchuluka kwamadzimadzi.

3: Dziwani madulidwe enieni

Kuti mupeze ma conductivity enieni (κ), katundu wamba wosadalira geometry ya probe, kuyeza koyezera (G) kuyenera kusinthidwa.

Izi zimatheka pochulukitsa kachulukidwe ndi kachulukidwe ka selo lokhazikika (K), lomwe ndi gawo la geometric lomwe limatanthauzidwa ndi mtunda wapakati pa ma elekitirodi ndi malo awo ogwira ntchito.

Njira yomaliza, yeniyeniyo imawerengedwa pogwiritsa ntchito chiyanjano: κ = G·K.

III. Mitundu Yonse ya Conductivity Meters

Kutengera mawonekedwe ogwiritsira ntchito komanso kulondola kofunikira, ma conductivity mita amatha kugawidwa mokulira. Positi iyi imasonkhanitsa zonse ndikukuyendetsani m'modzim'modzi kuti mumvetsetse bwino.

1. Zam'manja Conductivity mita

Portable conductivitymita ndizida zowunikira zapadera zopangidwira kuchita bwino kwambiri, zowunikira pamasamba. Malingaliro awo ofunikira amayika patsogolo chinthu chofunikira kwambiri: kapangidwe kopepuka, kulimba kolimba, komanso kusuntha kwapadera.

Izi zimatsimikizira kuti kuyeza koyezera m'ma laboratories kumaperekedwa mokhulupilika kugwero lachitsanzo, zomwe zimachepetsa kuchedwetsa komanso kukulitsa kusinthasintha kwa magwiridwe antchito.

Zida zonyamulika za conductivity zimapangidwira makamaka ntchito yofunikira. Kuti agwire bwino ntchito panja ndi m'mafakitale ovuta, amakhala ndi mphamvu zoyendetsedwa ndi batri ndipo amapangidwa mwaluso ndi mapangidwe osagwira fumbi komanso osalowa madzi (nthawi zambiri amatchulidwa ndi IP).

Mamita amathandizira kwambiri magwiridwe antchito m'munda popereka nthawi yoyankha mwachangu pazotsatira zapompopompo, kuphatikiza luso lophatikizira lodula mitengo. Kuphatikiza uku kumawapangitsa kukhala chisankho chotsimikizikamofulumiramadzikhalidwekuwunika kudutsamalo akutali komanso malo opangira mafakitale.

Kugwiritsa Ntchito Kwambiri kwa Portable Conductivity Meter

Kusinthasintha ndi kulimba kwa ma conductivity metres onyamula kumawapangitsa kukhala ofunikira m'mafakitale angapo:

1. Kuyang'anira chilengedwe:Mamita onyamula a EC ndi zida zofunika pakuwunika kwabwino kwa madzi, kufufuza mitsinje, nyanja, ndi madzi apansi panthaka, ndikuzindikira komwe kumayambitsa kuipitsidwa.

2. Ulimi ndi Ulimi:Mamita opepukawa amagwiritsidwa ntchito poyang'anira madzi amthirira, njira zothetsera michere ya hydroponic, komanso mtundu wamadzi am'dziwe la nsomba kuti akhalebe ndi mchere wokwanira komanso kuchuluka kwa michere.

3. Macheke pamakampani:Mamitawa amaperekanso kuyesa kofulumira, koyambirira kwa madzi opangira madzi, monga madzi ozizira a nsanja, madzi opopera, ndi madzi otayira m'mafakitale.

4. Ntchito zamaphunziro ndi kafukufuku:Kusavuta komanso kosavuta kugwiritsa ntchito kumapangitsa mamita osunthika kukhala abwino pophunzitsira panja komanso zoyeserera zoyambira, zomwe zikupereka kusonkhanitsa deta kwa ophunzira ndi ofufuza.

Kusinthasintha kwa kafukufukuyu kumapangitsa kuti mitayo ikhale yosinthika m'malo osiyanasiyana achilengedwe, kuphimba chilichonse kuyambira pamadzi oyera mpaka amchere ambiri.

2. Bench-top Conductivity Meters

TheBenchtop conductivity mitandi chida chapamwamba kwambiri chamagetsi chamagetsi chomwe chimagwiritsidwa ntchito pofufuza mozama komanso malo ofunikira a Quality Control (QC), kutsimikizira kulondola kosasunthika komanso kukhazikika kwa magwiridwe antchito a data yowunikira. Yodziwika ndi kapangidwe kazinthu zambiri komanso kolimba, imapereka mphamvu zoyezera zambiri pamitundu yosiyanasiyana, kuyambira 0 µS/cm mpaka 100 mS/cm.

Benchtop conductivity mita imayimira nsonga ya zida za electrochemistry pofufuza kafukufuku komanso malo okhwima a Quality Control (QC). Ndi ntchito zolondola kwambiri, zogwira ntchito zambiri, komanso zolimba, mita ya benchi yapamwambayi imayang'ana pakupereka kulondola kosasunthika ndi kukhazikika, zomwe zimatsimikizira kukhulupirika kwa deta yowunikira.

Amapangidwa kuti apititse patsogolo luso la labotale ndikuwonetsetsa kudalirika kwa data, mita iyi imapangitsa kuti zitheke kuyeza nthawi imodzi yamagawo apakati monga EC,TDS, ndi Mchere, womwe umakhudzanso kuthekera kosankhazapH,ORP, ndi ISE, pamaziko a kayendedwe kake kakuyenda bwino kudzera mumulti-parameterkuyezakuphatikiza.

Chipangizo cholimbachi chimagwira ntchito ngati njira yoyesera zonse m'modzi, kukulitsa kutulutsa kwa labotale. Kuphatikiza apo, kasamalidwe ka data kapamwamba (kusungidwa kotetezedwa, kutumiza kunja, kusindikiza) kumatsimikizira kutsata kwathunthu miyezo ya GLP/GMP, ndikupereka zidziwitso zotsatiridwa ndi zowunikira zomwe zimachepetsa chiopsezo chakuwongolera.

Pomaliza, kudzera pakuphatikiza mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya ma probe ndi ma K-values ​​enieni (ma cell constants), magwiridwe antchito abwino pamitundu yosiyanasiyana yama matrices amatsimikizika, kuchokera kumadzi amtundu wa ultrapure kupita ku mayankho okhazikika kwambiri.

Kugwiritsa Ntchito Kwakukulu kwa Bench-top Conductivity Meters

Dongosolo lochita bwino kwambiri la bench-top iyi ndilofunika kwambiri kwa mabungwe omwe amafunikira zowunikira zotsimikizika, zodzidalira kwambiri:

1. Mankhwala & Chakudya/Chakumwa QC:Mamita apamwamba a benchi ndi ofunikira pakuyesa kuwongolera bwino (QC) pazopangira zonse komanso zinthu zomaliza, pomwe kutsata malamulo sikungakambirane.

2. Kafukufuku ndi Chitukuko cha Sayansi:Imapereka kulondola kwakukulu kofunikira pakutsimikizika kwazinthu zatsopano, kuyang'anira kaphatikizidwe ka mankhwala, ndi kukhathamiritsa kwazinthu.

3. Kasamalidwe ka madzi aku mafakitale:Mamita apamwamba kwambiri a benchi ndi ofunikira pakuwunika bwino kwamadzi pamakina amadzi amtundu wa ultrapure (UPW), malo amadzi akumwa, komanso kuthira madzi otayira m'mafakitale, kuthandizira kuti malo azikhala ndi magwiridwe antchito komanso zachilengedwe.

4. Ma laboratories a Chemical:Imagwiritsidwa ntchito pazinthu zoyambira monga kukonza yankho lolondola, mawonekedwe amankhwala, komanso kutsimikiza kwakumapeto kolondola kwambiri, mita imapanga maziko olondola a labotale.

3. Industrial Online Conductivity Meters

Zopangidwira m'malo opangira makina opangira makina, mndandanda wamamita opangira mafakitale pa intaneti uli ndi malingaliro opangira mosalekeza, kuyang'anira nthawi yeniyeni, kudalirika kwakukulu, komanso kuphatikiza kopanda msoko muzomanga zomwe zilipo kale.

Zida zolimba, zodzipatulirazi zimalowa m'malo mwa sampuli zamanja ndi ma 24/7 osasokoneza ma data, zomwe zimakhala ngati gawo lofunikira pakukhathamiritsa, kuwongolera, ndi kuteteza zida zodula. Ndiwofunikira pakugwira ntchito kulikonse komwe kuwunika mosalekeza kuchuluka kwa madzi kapena kuchuluka kwa yankho ndikofunikira kuti zinthu zisungidwe bwino, zizigwira ntchito bwino, komanso kuti zitsatire malamulo.

Mamita opangira mafakitalewa amapereka chiwongolero chotsimikizika cha nthawi yeniyeni kudzera mukupereka deta mosalekeza kuti zizindikiridwe pompopompo. Amakhala ndi mapangidwe olimba, osasamalidwa bwino, omwe nthawi zambiri amagwiritsa ntchito masensa apamwamba kwambiri, kuti agwiritsidwe ntchito pazankhani zankhanza, ndikuwonetsetsa kulondola pakugwiritsa ntchito zovuta ngati madzi a ultrapure. Kuphatikizika kwake kosasunthika mu machitidwe a PLC/DCS kumatheka kudzera mu 4-20mA wamba ndi ma protocol a digito.

Kugwiritsa Ntchito Kwambiri Paintaneti Yama Conductivity Meters

Kuthekera kopitilira kuwunika kwamamita awa pa intaneti kapena m'mafakitale a EC kumayendetsedwa ndi njira zama mafakitale apamwamba:

1. Kusamalira ndi Kusamalira Madzi Aku Industrial Water:Mamita a mafakitale apa intaneti amagwiritsidwa ntchito kuwunika mozama momwe mayunitsi a Reverse Osmosis (RO), makina osinthira ma ion, ndi ma module a EDI. Ndiwofunikiranso pakuwongolera mosalekeza m'madzi a boiler ndi nsanja zozizirira, kukhathamiritsa kukhazikika komanso kugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala.

2. Kupanga Kwamankhwala & Kuwongolera Njira:Mamita ndi eZofunikira pakuwunika pa intaneti za kuchuluka kwa asidi / m'munsi, kutsata momwe kachitidwe kachitidwe, ndikutsimikizira kuyera kwazinthu, kuwonetsetsa kuti mankhwala apangidwa mosasintha komanso zokolola zawo.

3. Kupanga Kwambiri Kwambiri:Zofunikira pachitetezo cha zida ndi mphamvu yazinthu, zida zapaintanetizi zimayikidwa mozama m'malo opangira mankhwala ndi magetsi kuti aziwunikira mozama, pa intaneti pakupangira madzi amtundu wa ultrapure, condensate, ndi mtundu wamadzi amadzi, kuwonetsetsa kuti zithetsedweratu.

4. Ukhondo wa Chakudya ndi Chakumwa:Amagwiritsidwa ntchito poyang'anira njira za CIP (Clean-in-Place) pa intaneti komanso kusakanikirana kwazinthu zofananira, ma conductivity mita pa intaneti amakwaniritsa miyezo yaukhondo bwino pomwe akuchepetsa zinyalala zamadzi ndi mankhwala.

4. Pocket Conductivity Testers (Mtundu wa cholembera)

Zoyesera zopangira cholemberazi zidapangidwa kuti zipereke kuphweka kosayerekezeka komanso phindu lapadera pakuwunika bwino kwamadzi wamba, kupangitsa mphamvu yowunikira nthawi yomweyo kupezeka kwambiri. Chofunikira chachikulu chagona pakusunthika kwawo mopitilira muyeso: kapangidwe kake kakang'ono kwambiri, kakulidwe ka pensulo kamalola kuti muyezedwe popita, ndikuchotsa zovuta zopanga ma labotale.

Zopangidwira magawo onse ogwiritsa ntchito, mamita awa amatsindika kuphweka kwa pulagi-ndi-sewero. Ntchito nthawi zambiri imakhala ndi mabatani ochepa, kuwonetsetsa kuti ogwiritsa ntchito azitha kupezeka mosavuta komanso kupereka zidziwitso zaposachedwa, zotheka popanda kufunikira kwa maphunziro apadera. Kusavuta kugwiritsa ntchito uku kumathandizira ogwiritsa ntchito omwe amafunikira miyeso yachangu, yowonetsera yankho la chiyero ndi kukhazikika m'malo molunjika kwambiri, deta yofufuzidwa.

Kuphatikiza apo, zida izi ndizotsika mtengo kwambiri. Zokhala pamtengo wotsika kwambiri kuposa zida za benchtop, zimapangitsa kuyesa madzi odalirika kukhala otsika mtengo kwa anthu okonda bajeti komanso anthu wamba. Chofunikira chachikulu ndikutha kupereka kuyerekezera kwa TDS mwachangu pamodzi ndi kuwerenga koyambirira kwa EC. Ngakhale kutengera kutembenuka kokhazikika, gawoli limapereka chithunzithunzi chamtundu wamadzi wamba, kukwaniritsa zosowa za ogwiritsa ntchito kufunafuna choyezera madzi chosavuta, chodalirika.

Kugwiritsa Ntchito Kwambiri kwa Pen EC Meter

Choyesa chojambulira chopangira cholembera chimakhala choyenera kwambiri m'ma labotale azipinda zing'onozing'ono, ntchito zokulirakulira, komanso kugwiritsa ntchito m'munda komwe kuli kofunikira kwambiri.

1. Kugwiritsa Ntchito Madzi a Ogula ndi Kunyumba:Ndibwino kuyesa kuyera kwamadzi akumwa, thanzi lamadzi a aquarium, kapena mtundu wamadzi osambira. Ichi ndi chandamale choyambirira cha eni nyumba ndi okonda masewera.

2. Ma Hydroponics ang'onoang'ono ndi Kulima Dimba:Amagwiritsidwa ntchito pofufuza za kuchuluka kwa michere ya michere, kupatsa alimi osaphunzira komanso ang'onoang'ono chidziwitso chofunikira kuti athe kusamalira thanzi la mbewu popanda zida zapadera.

3. Mapulogalamu a Maphunziro ndi Kufikira Anthu:Kuphweka kwawo komanso kutsika mtengo kumawapangitsa kukhala zida zophunzitsira zabwino kwambiri zothandizira ophunzira ndi anthu kumvetsetsa lingaliro la madulidwe komanso mgwirizano wake ndi zolimba zosungunuka m'madzi.

IV. Zomwe Muyenera Kuziganizira Posankha Conductivity Meter

Posankha mita ya conductivity, kusankha kuyenera kupita ndi zosowa zenizeni za mapulogalamu kuti apeze zotsatira zodalirika komanso ntchito yabwino. Pansipa pali zinthu zofunika zomwe muyenera kuziganizira pakusankha mita ya EC:

Mfundo 1: Muyeso Wosiyanasiyana ndi Kulondola

Muyezo ndi kulondola ndizoyambira, zofunika kuziganizira. Muyenera kutsimikizira kuti malire ogwiritsira ntchito chidacho ndi oyenera kuwongolera zomwe mukufuna.

Panthawi imodzimodziyo, yesani kulondola ndi kulondola kofunikira; ukadaulo wa mita uyenera kugwirizana ndi mulingo wofunikira watsatanetsatane wamiyezo yanu yabwino kapena zolinga za kafukufuku.

Mfundo 2: Zinthu Zachilengedwe

Kupitilira muyeso wapakatikati, zinthu zachilengedwe zimafuna chisamaliro. Kulipiridwa kwa kutentha ndi chinthu chofunikira kwambiri ngati yankho kapena malo ozungulira asinthasintha, chifukwa amangokonza zowerengera kuti zikhale ndi kutentha kwanthawi zonse, kuwonetsetsa kusasinthasintha.

Komanso, kusankha kwa kafukufuku wolondola sikungakambirane. Komabe, mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya ma probe imakongoletsedwa kuti igwiritsidwe ntchito ndi media. Kungosankha kafukufuku yemwe amagwirizana ndi mankhwala omwe ayesedwa komanso ogwirizana ndi malo oyesedwa.

Mfundo 3: Kuchita Bwino Kwambiri ndi Kuphatikizana kwa Data

Pomaliza, kuyenera kuganiziridwa mogwira ntchito bwino komanso kuphatikiza deta. Mawonekedwe Ogwiritsa Ntchito Ayenera kukhala ndi zowongolera mwachilengedwe komanso chiwonetsero chomveka bwino kuti muchepetse nthawi yophunzitsira komanso zolakwika zomwe zingachitike.

Kenako, yesani zofunikira zamalumikizidwe. Dziwani ngati mukufuna kudula mitengo, kulumikizana ndi zida zakunja, kapena kuphatikiza kopanda msoko ndi Laboratory Information Management Systems (LIMS) kuti mupereke malipoti osavuta komanso kuti muzitsatira.

V. Momwe Mungayesere Meter Yoyendetsa?

Kuyesa mita ya conductivity ndikofunikira kuti muyezedwe molondola. Njirayi imagwiritsa ntchito njira yodziwika bwino yodziwika bwino kuti isinthe ma cell amkati a mita, omweimaphatikizapo njira zisanu zazikulu: kukonzekera, kuyeretsa, kulinganiza kutentha, kusanja, ndi kutsimikizira.

1. Kukonzekera

Gawo 1:Kudziwa mwatsopano madutsidwemuyezo njirapafupi ndi zitsanzo zanthawi zonse (monga 1413 µS/cm), madzi osungunula kapena otsukidwa kuti azitsuka, ndi ma beaks oyera.

Dziwani kuti musagwiritsenso ntchito njira zoyezera chifukwa ndizowonongeka mosavuta ndipo zilibe mphamvu yotchinga.

2. Kutsuka ndi Kutsuka

Gawo 1:Muzimutsuka bwinobwino probe conductivity ndi madzi osungunuka kapena deionized kuchotsa zotsalira zilizonse.

Gawo 2:Pang'ono ndi pang'ono pukutani powuma ndi nsalu yofewa, yopanda lint kapena minofu. Komanso, pewani kukhudza maelekitirodi ndi zala chifukwa kafukufukuyo akhoza kuipitsidwa.

3. Kugwirizana kwa Kutentha

Khwerero 1: Thirani muyezo muchombo chomwe mukufuna.

Gawo 2:Kumiza kwathunthu probe conductivity mu njira muyezo. Onetsetsani kuti maelekitirodi atsekedwa kwathunthu ndipo palibe thovu la mpweya lomwe limatsekeka pakati pawo (gwirani pang'onopang'ono kapena tembenuzani kafukufukuyo kuti mutulutse thovu lililonse).

Gawo 3:Lolani kafukufukuyo ndi yankho likhale kwa mphindi 5-10 kuti mufike pamlingo wotentha. Conductivity imadalira kwambiri kutentha, kotero sitepe iyi ndiyofunikira kuti ikhale yolondola.

4. Kulinganiza

Gawo 1:Yambitsani kusanja pa mita, komwe nthawi zambiri kumaphatikizapo kukanikiza ndi kugwira batani la "CAL" kapena "Function" potengera buku la mita.

Gawo 2:Pa mita ya pamanja, sinthani mtengo wowonetsedwa wa mita pogwiritsa ntchito mabatani a mivi kapena potentiometer kuti ifanane ndi mtengo wodziwikiratu wa yankho lokhazikika pakutentha komwe kulipo.

Kwa mita yokhayokha, ingotsimikizirani mtengo wake, lolani mita kuti isinthe, kenako sungani selo yatsopano nthawi zonse.

5. Kutsimikizira

Gawo 1:Muzimutsuka kafukufukuyo kachiwiri ndi madzi osungunuka. Kenako, yesani gawo latsopano la mulingo womwewo kapena mulingo wosiyana, wachiwiri ngati mukuyesa ma point angapo.

Gawo 2:Kuwerengera mita kuyenera kukhala pafupi kwambiri ndi mtengo wodziwika bwino, nthawi zambiri mkati mwa ± 1% mpaka ± 2%. Ngati kuwerengako kukupitirira malire ovomerezeka, yeretsani kafukufukuyo bwinobwino ndi kubwereza ndondomeko yonse ya kasinthidwe.

FAQs

Q1. Kodi conductivity ndi chiyani?

Conductivity imatanthawuza kuthekera kwa chinthu kuchititsa mphamvu yamagetsi. Ndilo muyeso wa ndende ya ayoni yomwe ilipo mu yankho.

Q2. Ndi mayunitsi ati omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito kuyeza conductivity?

Conductivity imayesedwa mu Siemens pa mita (S/m) kapena microsiemens pa sentimita (μS/cm).

Q3. Kodi ma conductivity mita angayese kuyera kwa madzi?

Inde, ma conductivity mita amagwiritsidwa ntchito poyesa kuyera kwa madzi. Ma conductivity apamwamba amatha kuwonetsa kukhalapo kwa zonyansa kapena ma ion osungunuka.

Q4. Kodi ma conductivity mita ndi oyenera kuyeza kutentha kwambiri?

Inde, ma conductivity metres ena amapangidwa kuti azitha kupirira kutentha kwambiri ndipo amatha kuyeza bwino ma conductivity munjira zotentha.

Q5. Kodi ndiyenera kuyeza mita yanga ya conductivity kangati?

Kuchuluka kwa ma calibration kumadalira mita yeniyeni ndikugwiritsa ntchito kwake. Ndibwino kuti titsatire malangizo a wopanga kuti azitha kusinthasintha.