Kodi Kutentha Kumakhudza Mayendedwe a Magetsi ndi Matenthedwe?

Zamagetsiconductivyimaima ngati amaziko parametermu fizikisi, chemistry, ndi uinjiniya wamakono, wokhala ndi tanthauzo lalikulu m'magawo osiyanasiyana,kuchokera pakupanga kwamphamvu kwambiri kupita ku ma ultra-precise microelectronics. Kufunika kwake kofunika kumachokera ku mgwirizano wake wachindunji ndi machitidwe, mphamvu, ndi kudalirika kwa machitidwe osawerengeka a magetsi ndi matenthedwe.

Kufotokozera mwatsatanetsatane uku kumagwira ntchito ngati chitsogozo chokwanira kumvetsetsa mgwirizano wovuta pakati pawomagetsi madutsidwe (σ), matenthedwe matenthedwe(k), ndi kutentha (T). Kuphatikiza apo, tidzasanthula mwadongosolo machitidwe amagulu osiyanasiyana azinthu, kuyambira ma conductor wamba mpaka ma semiconductors apadera ndi zotsekera, monga siliva, golide, mkuwa, chitsulo, mayankho, ndi mphira, zomwe zimatsekereza kusiyana pakati pa chidziwitso chaukadaulo ndi ntchito zenizeni zamakampani padziko lonse lapansi.

Mukamaliza kuwerenga izi, mudzakhala ndi chidziwitso champhamvu komanso champhamvuzandimgwirizano wa kutentha, conductivity, ndi kutentha.

M'ndandanda wazopezekamo:

1. Kodi kutentha kumakhudza kayendedwe ka magetsi?

2. Kodi kutentha kumakhudza matenthedwe matenthedwe?

3. Ubale pakati pa magetsi ndi matenthedwe madutsidwe

4. Conductivity vs kloridi: kusiyana kwakukulu

I. Kodi kutentha kumakhudza mphamvu zamagetsi?

Funso, "Kodi kutentha kumakhudza ma conductivity?" imayankhidwa motsimikiza: Inde.Kutentha kumakhala ndi chikoka chachikulu, chodalira zinthu pamagetsi ndi matenthedwe.Muzofunikira zaumisiri wofunikira kuchokera pakutumiza mphamvu kupita ku sensa yogwira ntchito, kulumikizana kwa kutentha ndi ma conduction kumayang'anira magwiridwe antchito, malire ogwirira ntchito, komanso chitetezo chantchito.

Kodi kutentha kumakhudza bwanji madulidwe?

Kutentha kumasintha ma conductivity mwa kusinthamosavuta bwanjizonyamulira, monga ma elekitironi kapena ayoni, kapena kutentha kumayenda muzinthu. Zotsatira zake zimakhala zosiyana pamtundu uliwonse wazinthu. Umu ndi momwe zimagwirira ntchito, monga tafotokozera momveka bwino:

1.Zitsulo: madutsidwe amachepetsa ndi kukwera kutentha

Zitsulo zonse zimayenda kudzera pa ma elekitironi aulere omwe amayenda mosavuta pa kutentha kwabwino. Akatenthedwa, maatomu achitsulocho amanjenjemera kwambiri. Kugwedeza uku kumachita ngati zopinga, kumwaza ma elekitironi ndikuchepetsa kuyenda kwawo.

Makamaka, magetsi ndi matenthedwe conductivity amatsika pang'onopang'ono pamene kutentha kumakwera. Pafupi ndi kutentha kwa chipinda, madulidwe amatsika kwambiri~ 0.4% pa 1 ° C kukwera.Motsutsana,pamene kuwonjezeka kwa 80 ° C kumachitika,zitsulo kutaya25-30%za conductivity yawo yoyambirira.

Mfundo imeneyi imagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri pokonza mafakitale, mwachitsanzo, malo otentha amachepetsa mphamvu zamakono zopangira mawaya ndi kutsika kwa kutentha m'makina ozizira.

2. Mu Semiconductors: ma conductivity amawonjezeka ndi kutentha

Ma semiconductors amayamba ndi ma elekitironi omangidwa mwamphamvu m'mapangidwe azinthuzo. Pa kutentha kochepa, ochepa amatha kusuntha kuti anyamule zamakono.Kutentha kumakwera, kutentha kumapatsa ma elekitironi mphamvu zokwanira kuti azitha kumasuka ndikuyenda. Kukatentha, m'pamenenso zonyamula zolipiritsa zimakhalapo,kukulitsa kwambiri conductivity.

M'mawu omveka bwino, cKutentha kumakwera kwambiri, nthawi zambiri kuwirikiza kawiri pa 10-15 ° C m'mitundu yofanana.Izi zimathandiza kuti pakhale kutentha pang'ono koma zimatha kuyambitsa zovuta ngati kutentha kwambiri (kutayikira kwambiri), mwachitsanzo, kompyuta imatha kuwonongeka ngati chip chomangidwa ndi semiconductor chatenthedwa mpaka kutentha kwambiri.

3. Mu Electrolytes (Zamadzimadzi kapena Gels mu Mabatire): ma conductivity amayenda bwino ndi kutentha

Anthu ena amadabwa momwe kutentha kumakhudzira njira yothetsera magetsi, ndipo apa pali gawo ili. Ma electrolyte amayendetsa ma ion akuyenda mumtsuko, pomwe kuzizira kumapangitsa kuti zakumwazo zikhale zokhuthala komanso zaulesi, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti ma ayoniwo aziyenda pang'onopang'ono. Pamodzi ndi kukwera kwa kutentha, madziwo sakhala ndi viscous, kotero ma ion amafalikira mwachangu ndikunyamula charge bwino.

Zonsezi, ma conductivity amawonjezeka ndi 2-3% pa ​​1 ° C pamene chirichonse chimafika kumapeto. Kutentha kukakwera ndi 40 ° C, ma conductivity amatsika ndi ~ 30%.

Mutha kuzindikira izi mdziko lenileni, monga makina ngati mabatire amalipira mwachangu pakutentha, koma kuwonongeka kwachiwopsezo ngati kutenthedwa.

II. Kodi kutentha kumakhudza matenthedwe matenthedwe?

Thermal conductivity, muyeso wa momwe kutentha kumayendera mosavuta muzinthu, nthawi zambiri kumachepetsa kutentha kumakwera muzinthu zolimba zambiri, ngakhale machitidwe amasiyana malinga ndi kapangidwe kazinthu ndi momwe kutentha kumayendera.

Muzitsulo, kutentha kumayenda makamaka kudzera mu ma elekitironi aulere. Kutentha kumawonjezeka, maatomu amanjenjemera kwambiri, kumwaza ma elekitironi ndi kusokoneza njira yawo, zomwe zimachepetsa mphamvu ya zinthuzo kutumiza kutentha bwino.

Mu ma crystalline insulators, kutentha kumayenda kudzera mu kugwedezeka kwa atomiki komwe kumadziwika kuti phononi. Kutentha kwambiri kumapangitsa kuti kugwedezeka uku kuchuluke, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti pakhale kugundana pafupipafupi pakati pa maatomu ndi kutsika koonekera bwino kwa matenthedwe.

Komabe, mu mipweya, zosiyana zimachitika. Pamene kutentha kumakwera, mamolekyu amayenda mofulumira ndikuwombana nthawi zambiri, kutumiza mphamvu pakati pa kugundana bwino; Choncho, matenthedwe madutsidwe kumawonjezera.

Mu ma polima ndi zakumwa, kusintha pang'ono kumakhala kofala ndi kukwera kwa kutentha. Kutentha kumalola maunyolo a mamolekyu kuyenda momasuka komanso kuchepetsa kukhuthala, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti kutentha kumadutse mosavuta.

III. Ubale pakati pa magetsi ndi matenthedwe madutsidwe

Kodi pali kulumikizana pakati pa matenthedwe matenthedwe ndi madutsidwe amagetsi? Mungadabwe za funso limeneli. Kwenikweni, pali kugwirizana kwakukulu pakati pa magetsi ndi matenthedwe matenthedwe, komabe kugwirizana kumeneku kumangomveka kwa mitundu ina ya zipangizo, monga zitsulo.

1. Ubale wamphamvu pakati pa magetsi ndi matenthedwe madutsidwe

Kwa zitsulo zoyera (monga mkuwa, siliva, ndi golidi), lamulo losavuta limagwira ntchito:Ngati chinthu chili chabwino kwambiri pakuyendetsa magetsi, ndi chabwino kwambiri pakutenthetsa.Mfundoyi imapitilira kutengera kugawana ma elekitironi.

Muzitsulo, magetsi ndi kutentha zimanyamulidwa makamaka ndi tinthu tating'ono: ma elekitironi aulere. Ichi ndichifukwa chake madutsidwe apamwamba amagetsi amatsogolera ku matenthedwe apamwamba nthawi zina.

Zandizamagetsikuyenda,magetsi akagwiritsidwa ntchito, ma elekitironi aulerewa amayenda mbali imodzi, atanyamula magetsi.

Zikafikandikutenthakuyenda, mbali imodzi ya chitsulo ndi yotentha ndipo ina imakhala yozizira, ndipo ma elekitironi aulere omwewa amayenda mofulumira m'dera lotentha ndikugunda ma elekitironi pang'onopang'ono, mofulumira kutumiza mphamvu (kutentha) kumalo ozizira.

Makina ogawanawa amatanthauza kuti ngati chitsulo chili ndi ma elekitironi ambiri oyenda bwino (kupangitsa kuti ikhale yoyendetsa bwino kwambiri magetsi), ma elekitironiwo amagwiranso ntchito ngati "zonyamulira kutentha," zomwe zimafotokozedwa momveka bwino ndindiWiedemann-FranzLamulo.

2. Ubale wofooka pakati pa magetsi ndi matenthedwe madutsidwe

Ubale pakati pa magetsi ndi matenthedwe conductivity amafooketsa mu zipangizo kumene kulipiritsa ndi kutentha amatengedwa ndi njira zosiyanasiyana.

IV. Conductivity vs kloridi: kusiyana kwakukulu

Ngakhale madulidwe amagetsi ndi chloride ndende ndizofunikira kwambirikusanthula khalidwe la madzi, amayesa zinthu zosiyanasiyana.

Conductivity

Conductivity ndi muyeso wa kuthekera kwa njira yotumizira magetsi. Inet amayesaokwana ndende onse kusungunuka ayonim'madzi, omwe amaphatikizapo ma ions opangidwa bwino (cations) ndi ayoni olakwika (anions).

Ma ion onse, monga chloride (Cl^-sodium (Na⁺), calcium (Ca²⁺), bicarbonate, ndi sulphate, zimathandizira kuti ma conductivity onse a mkuchepetsedwa mu microSiemens pa sentimita (µS/cm) kapena milliSiemens pa sentimita (mS/cm).

Conductivity ndi chizindikiro chachangu, chokhazikikazaZonseZida Zosungunuka(TDS) ndi kuyera konse kwamadzi kapena mchere.

 Kuchuluka kwa Chloride (Cl^-)

Kuphatikizika kwa chloride ndi muyeso wokhazikika wa anion wa kloride wokha womwe uli mu yankho.Imayesa ndikuchuluka kwa ayoni a kloridi okha(Cl^-) zilipo, zomwe nthawi zambiri zimachokera ku mchere monga sodium kolorayidi (NaCl) kapena calcium chloride (CaCl)₂).

Kuyeza uku kumachitidwa pogwiritsa ntchito njira zinazake monga ma titration (monga njira ya Argentometric) kapena ma ion-selective electrode (ISE)mamiligalamu pa lita (mg/L) kapena magawo pa miliyoni (ppm).

Miyezo ya chloride ndiyofunikira pakuwunika kutheka kwa dzimbiri m'mafakitale (monga ma boilers kapena nsanja zozizirira) ndikuwunika kulowerera kwa mchere m'madzi akumwa.

Mwachidule, kloridi imathandizira kuti madutsidwe, koma madutsidwe sali enieni a kloride.Ngati chloride ndende ukuwonjezeka, okwana madutsidwe adzawonjezeka.Komabe, ngati ma conductivity okwana akuwonjezeka, zikhoza kukhala chifukwa cha kuwonjezeka kwa chloride, sulphate, sodium, kapena ma ion ena onse.

Chifukwa chake, kuwongolera kumakhala ngati chida chofunikira chowunikira (mwachitsanzo, ngati machulukidwe ali otsika, kloridi imakhala yotsika), koma kuti muwunikire chloride makamaka kuti iwononge kapena kuwongolera, kuyezetsa kwamankhwala komwe kumayesedwa kuyenera kugwiritsidwa ntchito.