Conductivity: Tanthauzo|Equations|Miyeso | Ntchito
Magetsi conductivityndi zochuluka kwambiri kuposa lingaliro losamveka; ndiye msana wofunikira wa dziko lathu lolumikizidwa, ndikuwongolera mwakachetechete chilichonse kuyambira pazida zamakono zomwe zili m'manja mwanu kupita kumagulu akulu ogawa magetsi omwe amawunikira mizinda yathu.
Kwa mainjiniya, akatswiri a sayansi ya zakuthambo, ndi asayansi azinthu, kapena aliyense amene akufuna kumvetsetsa momwe zinthu zimayendera, kuchita bwino kwambiri sikungakambirane. Buku lozamali silimangopereka tanthauzo lenileni la kadulidwe komanso limavumbulutsa kufunikira kwake, limawunikira zomwe zikuyambitsa, ndikuwunikira momwe limagwirira ntchito m'magawo osiyanasiyana monga ma semiconductors, sayansi yazinthu, ndi mphamvu zongowonjezwdwa. Ingodinani kuti muwone momwe kumvetsetsa katundu wofunikiraku kungasinthire chidziwitso chanu chamagetsi.
M'ndandanda wazopezekamo:
1. Kodi Conductivity ndi chiyani
2. Zinthu Zomwe Zimayambitsa Mayendedwe
4. Momwe Mungayesere Kuchita: Ma equation
5. Zida Zomwe Zimagwiritsidwa Ntchito Kuyeza Mayendedwe
7. Mafunso Ofunsidwa Kawirikawiri
Kodi Conductivity ndi chiyani?
Electrical conductivity (σ) ndi chinthu chofunikira kwambiri chomwe chimawerengera kuchuluka kwa zinthu zomwe zimathandizira kuyenda kwamagetsi.. Kwenikweni, zimatsimikizira momwe zonyamulira zonyamula, makamaka ma elekitironi aulere muzitsulo, zimatha kudutsa chinthu. Makhalidwe ofunikirawa ndiye maziko olimba akugwiritsa ntchito kosawerengeka kuchokera ku ma microprocessors kupita ku zomangamanga zamatauni.
Monga gawo lokhazikika la conductivity, mphamvu yamagetsi yamagetsi (ρ) ndi kutsutsana ndi kuyenda kwamakono. Chifukwa chake,kukana kochepa kumafanana mwachindunji ndi high conductivity. Chigawo chapadziko lonse lapansi choyezera ichi ndi Siemens pa mita (S/m), ngakhale mamilisiemens pa centimita (mS/cm) amagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri pofufuza mankhwala ndi chilengedwe.
Conductivity vs. Resistivity: Conductors vs. Insulators
Kuthekera kwapadera (σ) kumawonetsa zida ngati ma conductor, pomwe kutchulidwa resistivity (ρ) kumapangitsa kuti zikhale zotsekera bwino. M'malo mwake, kusiyanitsa kwakukulu pamadulidwe azinthu kumachokera ku kusiyana kwa kupezeka kwa zonyamula mafoni.
High Conductivity (Makondakitala)
Zitsulo monga mkuwa ndi aluminiyamu zimawonetsa kuwongolera kwambiri. Izi ndichifukwa cha mawonekedwe awo a atomiki, omwe amakhala ndi 'nyanja' yayikulu ya ma elekitironi osunthika osunthika omwe samamangidwa mwamphamvu ku ma atomu pawokha. Katunduyu amawapangitsa kukhala ofunikira pa mawaya amagetsi, mizere yotumizira magetsi, komanso maulendo oyendera pafupipafupi.
Ngati mukufuna kudziwa zambiri zakuthupi kayendesedwe ka magetsi, omasuka kuwerenga positi molunjika kuulula madutsidwe magetsi a zipangizo zonse m'moyo wanu.
Low Conductivity (Ma Insulators)
Zida monga mphira, magalasi, ndi zoumba zimadziwika kuti insulators. Amakhala ndi ma elekitironi ochepa kapena opanda aulere, omwe amakana kwambiri ndi mphamvu yamagetsi. Khalidweli limawapangitsa kukhala ofunikira pachitetezo, kudzipatula, ndikuletsa mabwalo amfupi pamakina onse amagetsi.
Factors Influencing Conductivity
Mayendedwe amagetsi ndi chinthu choyambira, koma mosiyana ndi malingaliro olakwika omwe anthu ambiri amakhala nawo, siwokhazikika. Kuthekera kwa chinthu kuchititsa mphamvu yamagetsi kumatha kutengeka kwambiri komanso kutengera momwe chilengedwe chimasinthira komanso uinjiniya wolondola. Kumvetsetsa zinthu izi ndiye maziko aukadaulo wamakono wamagetsi, sensing, ndi mphamvu:
1. Momwe Zinthu Zakunja Zimakhudzira Mayendedwe
Chilengedwe chapafupi ndi zinthuzi chimakhala ndi mphamvu zowongolera pakuyenda kwa zonyamulira zake (nthawi zambiri ma elekitironi kapena mabowo). Tiyeni tifufuze mwatsatanetsatane:
1. Zotsatira za Kutentha: Zotsatira za Kutentha
Kutentha mwina ndiye njira yosinthira padziko lonse lapansi kukana kwamagetsi ndi kuwongolera.
Kwa zitsulo zambiri zoyera,conductivity imachepa pamene kutentha kumakwera. Mphamvu yotentha imapangitsa kuti maatomu achitsulo (crystal lattice) agwedezeke ndi matalikidwe okulirapo, ndipo chifukwa chake, kugwedezeka kwa latisi (kapena maphononi) kumawonjezera kuchuluka kwa zochitika zobalalika, ndikulepheretsa kuyenda bwino kwa ma elekitironi a valence. Chodabwitsa ichi chikufotokozera chifukwa chake mawaya otenthedwa amatsogolera kutaya mphamvu.
Mosiyana ndi zimenezi, mu semiconductors ndi insulators, conductivity imawonjezeka kwambiri ndi kutentha. Mphamvu zowonjezera zowonjezera zimakondweretsa ma elekitironi kuchokera ku gulu la valence kudutsa kusiyana kwa bandi ndi kulowa mu bandi ya conduction, motero kupanga chiwerengero chochulukira cha zonyamulira zonyamula mafoni ndikuchepetsa kwambiri resistivity.
2. Kupsinjika Kwamakina: Udindo wa Kupanikizika ndi Kupsinjika
Kugwiritsa ntchito kukakamiza kwamakina kumatha kusintha kusiyanasiyana kwa ma atomiki ndi mawonekedwe a kristalo azinthu, zomwe zimakhudzanso kuwongolera, ndipo ichi ndi chodabwitsa kwambiri mu masensa a piezoresistive.
Muzinthu zina, kukakamiza kokakamiza kumapangitsa maatomu kuyandikira limodzi, kumathandizira kulumikizana kwa ma electron orbitals ndikupangitsa kuyenda kwa zonyamulira kukhala kosavuta, potero kumawonjezera ma conductivity.
Muzinthu monga silicon, kutambasula (kuthamanga kwamphamvu) kapena kufinya (kupsyinjika) kumatha kusinthanso magulu amagetsi a elekitironi, kusintha kulemera kwake ndi kuyenda kwa zonyamulira. Izi zimatheka chifukwa cha ma strain gauges ndi ma pressure transducer.
2. Momwe Chidetso Chimakhudzira Mayendedwe
Mu gawo la solid-state physics ndi microelectronics, kuwongolera kotheratu pamagetsi amagetsi kumatheka kudzera muumisiri wopanga, makamaka kudzera pa doping.
Doping ndikuyambitsa kolamuliridwa kwambiri kwa ma atomu osadetsedwa (omwe amayezedwa m'magawo miliyoni miliyoni) muzinthu zoyeretsedwa kwambiri, zamkati, monga silicon kapena germanium.
Izi sizimangosintha madulidwe; imagwirizana kwambiri ndi mtundu wa chonyamulira cha zinthuzo komanso kuyika kwake kuti apange zodziwikiratu, zamagetsi zamtundu wa asymmetrical zofunika pakompyuta:
N-Type Doping (Negative)
Kuyambitsa chinthu chokhala ndi ma elekitironi ambiri a valence (mwachitsanzo, Phosphorus kapena Arsenic, omwe ali ndi 5) kuposa zinthu zosungira (mwachitsanzo, Silicon, yomwe ili ndi 4). Ma elekitironi owonjezera amaperekedwa mosavuta ku gulu la conduction, kupanga elekitironi kukhala chonyamulira choyambirira.
P-Type Doping (Positive)
Kuyambitsa chinthu chokhala ndi ma elekitironi ochepa a valence (mwachitsanzo, Boron kapena Gallium, omwe ali ndi 3). Izi zimapanga malo opanda ma elekitironi, kapena 'bowo,' omwe amakhala ngati chonyamulira chabwino.
Kutha kuwongolera bwino madulidwe kudzera pa doping ndi injini yazaka za digito:
Kwa zida za semiconductor, zimagwiritsidwa ntchito kupangap-nMagawo, zigawo zogwira ntchito za ma diode ndi ma transistors, omwe amalola kuyenda kwapano kumalo amodzi okha ndipo amakhala ngati zinthu zosinthira mu Integrated Circuits (ICs).
Pazida zamagetsi zamagetsi, kuwongolera kwamagetsi ndikofunikira pakuwongolera kufunikira kwa ma conduction abwino amagetsi (kusuntha chaji) motsutsana ndi kusayenda bwino kwa kutentha (kusunga kutentha) muzinthu zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito popangira magetsi ndi kuziziritsa.
Kuchokera pamawonekedwe apamwamba kwambiri, zida zimatha kusinthidwa kapena kusinthidwa kuti apange chemiresistors, omwe ma conductivity awo amasintha kwambiri akamangirira ku mipweya kapena mamolekyu ena, kupanga maziko a masensa ovuta kwambiri amankhwala.
Kumvetsetsa ndi kuwongolera bwino kayendetsedwe kabwino kumakhalabe kofunika kwambiri popanga matekinoloje a m'badwo wotsatira, kuwonetsetsa kuti magwiridwe antchito akuyenda bwino, komanso kupititsa patsogolo magwiridwe antchito pafupifupi gawo lililonse la sayansi ndi uinjiniya.
Magawo a Conductivity
Muyeso wa SI unit wa conductivity ndi Siemens pa mita (S/m). Komabe, m'mafakitale ambiri ndi ma labotale, Siemens pa sentimita (S/cm) ndiye gawo lodziwika bwino loyambira. Chifukwa machulukidwe amtunduwu amatha kukhala ndi maulalo ambiri, miyeso imawonetsedwa pogwiritsa ntchito ma prefixes:
1. microSiemens per centimeter (mS/cm) amagwiritsidwa ntchito pazakumwa zotsika kwambiri monga madzi a deionized kapena reverse osmosis (RO).
2. milliSiemens per centimeter (mS/cm) ndizofala pamadzi apampopi, madzi opangira, kapena madzi osakaniza.(1 mS/cm = 1,000 μS/cm).
3. deciSiemens pa mita (dS/m) nthawi zambiri amagwiritsidwa ntchito pa ulimi ndipo ndi ofanana ndi mS/cm (1 dS/m = 1 mS/cm).
Momwe Mungayesere Kuchita: Ma equation
Aconductivity mitasichimayesa conductivity mwachindunji. M'malo mwake, imayesa kachitidwe (mu Siemens) kenako imawerengera ma conductivity pogwiritsa ntchito sensor-specific Cell Constant (K). Izi zokhazikika (zokhala ndi mayunitsi a cm-1) ndi chinthu chakuthupi cha geometry ya sensa. Kuwerengera kwakukulu kwa chida ndi:
Mayendedwe (S/cm) = Mayendedwe Oyezera (S) × Ma cell Constant (K, mu cm⁻¹)
Njira yomwe imagwiritsidwa ntchito kuti mupeze muyesowu imadalira kugwiritsa ntchito. Njira yodziwika kwambiri imaphatikizapo kukhudzana (Potentiometric) masensa, omwe amagwiritsa ntchito maelekitirodi (nthawi zambiri ma graphite kapena zitsulo zosapanga dzimbiri) zomwe zimagwirizana mwachindunji ndi madzi. Mapangidwe osavuta a 2-electrode ndi othandiza pamagwiritsidwe otsika otsika ngati madzi oyera. Zapamwamba kwambiri 4-electrodemasensakuperekaolondola kwambiri pamitundu yotakata ndipo satengeka pang'ono ndi zolakwika kuchokera pakuwonongeka kwamagetsi kwamagetsi.
Pamayankho ankhanza, owononga, kapena owongolera kwambiri pomwe maelekitirodi angayipitse kapena kuwononga, masensa a inductive (Toroidal) amayamba kugwira ntchito. Masensa osalumikizana awa amakhala ndi ma koloko awiri a mawaya opangidwa ndi polima yolimba. Koyilo imodzi imapangitsa kuti koyilo yamagetsi ikhale yamagetsi panjirayo, ndipo koyilo yachiwiri imayesa kukula kwa madziwo, omwe amayenderana mwachindunji ndi mmene madziwo amayendera. Kapangidwe kameneka ndi kolimba kwambiri chifukwa palibe zigawo zachitsulo zomwe zimawonekera panjirayo.
Miyezo ya Conductivity ndi Kutentha
Miyezo ya conductivity imadalira kwambiri kutentha. Kutentha kwamadzimadzi kumawonjezeka, ma ion ake amasuntha kwambiri, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti mphamvu yoyezera ikwere (nthawi zambiri ndi ~ 2% pa ° C). Kuonetsetsa kuti miyeso ndi yolondola komanso yofananira, iyenera kukhala yofanana ndi kutentha kwanthawi zonse, komwe kumakhala padziko lonse lapansi.25°C.
Ma conductivity meters amakono amakonza izi pogwiritsa ntchito maophatikizidwakutenthasensa. Njira imeneyi, yomwe imadziwika kuti Automatic Temperature Compensation (ATC), imagwiritsa ntchito ndondomeko yokonza (monga mzere wa mzere.G 25 = G_t/[1+α(T-25)]) kuti afotokoze madulidwe ngati kuti ayesedwa pa 25°C.
Kumene:
G₂₅= Kuwongolera Kowongolera pa 25 ° C;
G_t= Yaiwisi madutsidwe kuyeza pa ndondomeko kutenthaT;
T= The kuyeza ndondomeko kutentha (mu ° C);
alpha (alpha)= Kutentha kokwanira kwa yankho (mwachitsanzo, 0.0191 kapena 1.91%/°C kwa mayankho a NaCl).
Yesani Conductivity ndi Ohm's Law
Ohm's Law, mwala wapangodya wa sayansi yamagetsi, imapereka chiwongolero chothandizira kuwerengera mphamvu yamagetsi yazinthu (σ). Mfundo imeneyiimakhazikitsa kulumikizana kwachindunji pakati pa magetsi (V), apano (I), ndi kukana (R). Pakukulitsa lamuloli kuti liphatikizepo mawonekedwe amtundu wa zinthu, kukhazikika kwake kumatha kupangidwa.
Gawo loyamba ndikugwiritsa ntchito Lamulo la Ohm (R = V/I) kuzinthu zinazake. Izi zimafunika kutenga miyeso iwiri yolondola: voteji yomwe imagwiritsidwa ntchito pa chitsanzo ndi panopa yomwe imayenda motsatira. Chiŵerengero cha zinthu ziwirizi chimapereka chitsanzo chonse cha kukana kwa magetsi. Kukana kowerengeka kumeneku, komabe, kumatengera kukula kwake ndi mawonekedwe ake. Kuti mtengowo ukhale wabwinobwino ndikuzindikira momwe zinthu zimakhalira, munthu ayenera kuwerengera kukula kwake.
Zinthu ziwiri zofunika kwambiri za geometric ndizo kutalika kwachitsanzo (L) ndi malo ake ozungulira (A). Zinthu izi zimaphatikizidwa mu njira imodzi: σ = L / (R^A).
Equation iyi imamasulira bwino chinthu choyezera, chochokera kunja cha kukana kukhala chofunikira, chamkati cha conductivity. Ndikofunika kuzindikira kuti kuwerengera komaliza kumadalira mwachindunji mtundu wa deta yoyamba. Zolakwika zilizonse zoyeserera pakuyezera V, I, L, kapena A zidzasokoneza kutsimikizika kwa machulukidwe opangidwa.
Zida Zomwe Zimagwiritsidwa Ntchito Kuyeza Mayendedwe
Mu kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka mafakitale, kuyeretsa madzi, ndi kupanga mankhwala, magetsi oyendetsa magetsi samangoyang'ana; ndichofunika kwambiri control parameter. Kupeza zolondola, zobwerezabwereza sikumachokera ku chida chimodzi, zonse. M'malo mwake, pamafunika kupanga dongosolo lathunthu, lofanana pomwe gawo lililonse limasankhidwa kuti ligwire ntchito inayake.
Dongosolo lamphamvu la conductivity lili ndi magawo awiri oyambira: chowongolera (ubongo) ndi sensa (mphamvu), zonse zomwe ziyenera kuthandizidwa ndikuwongolera moyenera komanso kubweza.
1. Pakatikati: The Conductivity Controller
Chigawo chapakati cha dongosolo ndindipa intaneticonductivity controller, yomwe imachita zambiri kuposa kungowonetsa mtengo. Wowongolera uyu amakhala ngati "ubongo," kupatsa mphamvu sensa, kukonza ma siginecha osaphika, ndikupanga deta kukhala yothandiza. Ntchito zake zazikulu ndi izi:
① Malipiro a Automatic Temperature (ATC)
Conductivity imakhudzidwa kwambiri ndi kutentha. Woyang'anira mafakitale, mongaZithunzi za SUP-TDS210-BkapenamwatsatanetsataneSUP-EC8.0, imagwiritsa ntchito chinthu chophatikizika cha kutentha kuti ikonzeretu kuwerenga kulikonse kubwerera ku 25°C. Izi ndizofunikira kuti zikhale zolondola.
② Zotulutsa ndi Ma alarm
Magawo awa amamasulira muyeso kukhala chizindikiro cha 4-20mA cha PLC, kapena kuyambitsa kutumizirana ma alarm ndi kuwongolera pampu ya dosing.
③ Calibration Interface
Wowongolera amapangidwa ndi mawonekedwe a mapulogalamu kuti azichita pafupipafupi, zosavuta.
2. Kusankha Sensor yolondola
Gawo lofunika kwambiri ndi kusankha komwe mumapanga pa sensa (kapena probe), popeza ukadaulo wake uyenera kufanana ndi zomwe mumamwa. Kugwiritsa ntchito sensa yolakwika ndiye chifukwa choyamba chakulephera kwa kuyeza.
Kwa Madzi Oyera & RO Systems (Low Conductivity)
Pazogwiritsa ntchito monga reverse osmosis, madzi opangidwa ndi deionized, kapena madzi opangira boiler, madziwa amakhala ndi ma ion ochepa. Apa, sensa yama electrode conductivity awiri (mongandiSUP-TDS7001) ndiye chisankho choyeneratokuyezaconductivity madzi. Kapangidwe kake kamapereka chidwi chachikulu komanso kulondola pamayendedwe otsika awa.
Zolinga Zazonse & Madzi Otayira (Mid-to-High Conductivity)
Muzitsulo zonyansa, zokhala ndi zolimba zoyimitsidwa kapena zokhala ndi miyeso yambiri (monga madzi otayira, madzi apampopi, kapena kuyang'anira chilengedwe), masensa amatha kuipitsidwa. Zikatero, anayi electrode conductivity kachipangizo ngatindiSUP-TDS7002 ndiye yankho lapamwamba. Kapangidwe kameneka sikamakhudzidwa kwambiri ndi kuchuluka kwa ma elekitirodi, kumapereka kuwerenga kwakukulu, kokhazikika, komanso kodalirika pamikhalidwe yosinthika.
Za Mankhwala Oopsa & Ma Slurries (Aggressive & High Conductivity)
Poyezera zowulutsa zaukali, monga ma acid, mabasi, kapena ma abrasive slurries, ma elekitirodi azitsulo azikhalidwe amawononga ndikulephera mwachangu. Yankho lake ndi lopanda kukhudzana inductive (toroidal) conductivity sensa ngatindiChithunzi cha SUP-TDS6012Imani pamzere. Sensa iyi imagwiritsa ntchito ma coil awiri ophimbidwa kuti apangitse ndikuyezera momwe madzi amakhalira popanda gawo lililonse la sensa kuikhudza. Izi zimapangitsa kuti ikhale yotetezeka ku dzimbiri, kuyipitsa, ndi kuvala.
3. Njira: Kuwonetsetsa Kulondola Kwanthawi Yaitali
Kudalirika kwadongosolo kumasungidwa kudzera munjira imodzi yovuta: kuwongolera. Wowongolera ndi sensa, ngakhale atapita patsogolo bwanji, ayenera kuyang'aniridwa ndi akudziwikaumboniyankho(muyezo wa conductivity) kuti muwonetsetse kulondola. Izi zimalipira chiwongolero chilichonse chaching'ono cha sensor kapena kuyipitsa pakapita nthawi. Wolamulira wabwino, mongandiChithunzi cha SUP-TDS210-C, imapangitsa izi kukhala njira yosavuta, yoyendetsedwa ndi menyu.
Kupeza muyezo wolondola wa conductivity ndi nkhani yamapangidwe anzeru. Zimafunika kufananiza wolamulira wanzeru ndiukadaulo wa sensa womwe umapangidwira ntchito yanu yeniyeni.
Ndi zinthu ziti zabwino kwambiri zopangira magetsi?
Zida zabwino kwambiri zopangira magetsi ndi siliva wangwiro (Ag), kudzitamandira kwambiri kwamagetsi amtundu uliwonse. Komabe, mtengo wake wokwera komanso chizolowezi chowononga (oxidize) chimachepetsa kugwiritsidwa ntchito kwake. Pazogwiritsidwa ntchito zambiri, mkuwa (Cu) ndiye muyeso, chifukwa umapereka njira yachiwiri yabwino kwambiri pamtengo wotsika kwambiri komanso ndi ductile kwambiri, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti zikhale zabwino kwa mawaya, ma motors, ndi ma transfoma.
Mosiyana ndi zimenezi, golidi (Au), ngakhale kuti ndi wocheperapo kusiyana ndi siliva ndi mkuwa, ndi wofunika kwambiri pamagetsi pazitsulo zowonongeka, zotsika kwambiri chifukwa zimakhala ndi mphamvu zowonongeka (chemical inertness), zomwe zimalepheretsa kuwonongeka kwa ma signal pakapita nthawi.
Pomaliza, aluminiyamu (Al) imagwiritsidwa ntchito pamizere yotalikirapo, yothamanga kwambiri chifukwa kulemera kwake kopepuka komanso kutsika mtengo kumapereka zabwino zambiri, ngakhale kutsika kwake kutsika poyerekeza ndi mkuwa.
Mapulogalamu a Conductivity
Monga kuthekera kwachilengedwe kwazinthu kutumiza magetsi, madulidwe amagetsi ndi chinthu chofunikira kwambiri chomwe chimayendetsa ukadaulo. Kugwiritsa ntchito kwake kumaphatikizapo chilichonse kuchokera kuzinthu zazikulu zamagetsi mpaka zamagetsi zazing'ono komanso kuyang'anira chilengedwe. M'munsimu muli zofunikira zake pamene katunduyu ndi wofunikira:
Mphamvu, Zamagetsi, ndi Zopanga
Ma conductivity apamwamba ndiye maziko a dziko lathu lamagetsi, pomwe kuwongolera koyendetsedwa ndikofunikira pamachitidwe amakampani.
Kutumiza kwa Mphamvu ndi Wiring
Zida zopangira zinthu zambiri monga mkuwa ndi aluminiyamu ndizomwe zimayendera mawaya amagetsi ndi zingwe zamagetsi zazitali. Kukana kwawo kochepa kumachepetsa I2R (Joule) kutayika kwa kutentha, kuonetsetsa kuti magetsi akuyenda bwino.
Zamagetsi ndi Semiconductors
Pamlingo wawung'ono, zotsata pa Printed Circuit Boards (PCBs) ndi zolumikizira zimapanga njira zolumikizira. Mu semiconductors, ma conductivity a silicon amayendetsedwa ndendende (doped) kuti apange ma transistors, maziko a mabwalo onse amakono ophatikizika.
Electrochemistry
Gawo ili limadalira ma ionic conductivity a electrolyte. Mfundo imeneyi ndi injini ya mabatire, maselo amafuta, ndi njira zamafakitale monga electroplating, kuyenga zitsulo, ndi kupanga chlorine.
Zinthu Zophatikiza
Ma conductive fillers (monga kaboni kapena ulusi wachitsulo) amawonjezedwa ku ma polima kuti apange kompositi yokhala ndi mphamvu zapadera zamagetsi. Izi zimagwiritsidwa ntchito poteteza ma electromagnetic shielding (EMI) kuteteza zida zowonongeka komanso chitetezo cha electrostatic discharge (ESD) popanga.
Kuyang'anira, Kuyeza, ndi Kuzindikira
Kuyeza kwa conductivity ndikofunika kwambiri monga momwe katunduyo alili, akugwira ntchito ngati chida champhamvu chowunikira.
Ubwino wa Madzi ndi Kuyang'anira Zachilengedwe
Kuyeza kwa conductivity ndi njira yoyamba yowunika kuyera kwa madzi ndi mchere. Popeza kusungunuka kwa ionic zolimba (TDS) kumawonjezera ma conductivity mwachindunji, masensa amagwiritsidwa ntchito kuyang'anira madzi akumwa,yendetsamadzi oipachithandizo, ndikuwunika thanzi la nthaka paulimi.
Medical Diagnostics
Thupi la munthu limagwira ntchito pazizindikiro za bioelectrical. Tekinoloje zachipatala monga Electrocardiography (ECG) ndi Electroencephalography (EEG) zimagwira ntchito poyeza mafunde amagetsi a miniti omwe amayendetsedwa ndi ayoni m'thupi, zomwe zimalola kuzindikira zamtima ndi minyewa.
Sensor Control Control
Mu mankhwalandichakudyakupanga, masensa ma conductivity amagwiritsidwa ntchito kuyang'anira njira zenizeni zenizeni. Amatha kuzindikira kusintha kwa zinthu, kuzindikira malo omwe ali pakati pa zakumwa zosiyanasiyana (mwachitsanzo, m'makina oyeretsera), kapena kuchenjeza za zonyansa ndi kuipitsidwa.
FAQs
Q1: Kodi pali kusiyana kotani pakati pa conductivity ndi resistivity?
A: Conductivity (σ) ndi kuthekera kwazinthu kuloleza magetsi, kuyeza mu Siemens pa mita (S/m). Resistivity (ρ) ndi kuthekera kwake kutsutsana ndi panopa, kuyezedwa mu Ohm-mita (Ω⋅m). Ndiwobwereza masamu achindunji (σ=1/ρ).
Q2: Chifukwa chiyani zitsulo zimakhala ndi madutsidwe apamwamba?
A: Zitsulo zimagwiritsa ntchito zitsulo zomangira zitsulo, pomwe ma elekitironi a valence samamangiriridwa ku atomu imodzi. Izi zimapanga "nyanja ya ma electron" yomwe imayenda momasuka, imapanga mphamvu yamagetsi pamene magetsi agwiritsidwa ntchito.
Q3: Kodi ma conductivity angasinthidwe?
A: Inde, ma conductivity amakhudzidwa kwambiri ndi zochitika zakunja. Zomwe zimafala kwambiri ndi kutentha (kukwera kwa kutentha kumachepetsa kusinthasintha kwazitsulo koma kumawonjezera m'madzi) ndi kukhalapo kwa zonyansa (zomwe zimasokoneza ma electron muzitsulo kapena kuwonjezera ayoni kumadzi).
Q4: Nchiyani chimapanga zida ngati mphira ndi magalasi oteteza bwino?
A: Zida izi zimakhala ndi ma covalent amphamvu kapena ma ionic pomwe ma elekitironi onse a valence amagwiridwa mwamphamvu. Popanda ma elekitironi aulere osuntha, sangathe kuthandizira magetsi. Izi zimadziwika kuti ndi "gap band" yayikulu kwambiri.
Q5: Kodi ma conductivity amayesedwa bwanji m'madzi?
Yankho: Meta imayeza ma ionic conductivity kuchokera ku mchere wosungunuka. Kufufuza kwake kumagwiritsa ntchito magetsi a AC m'madzi, kuchititsa ma ion osungunuka (monga Na+ kapena Cl-) kuti asunthe ndikupanga magetsi. Meta imayesa izi, imangosintha kutentha, ndipo imagwiritsa ntchito "cell constant" ya sensa kuti ifotokoze mtengo womaliza (nthawi zambiri mu μS/cm).
Nthawi yotumiza: Oct-24-2025