Kudziwa zambiri—Chida choyezera kupanikizika

Mu ndondomeko kupanga mankhwala, kukakamizidwa osati kumakhudza bwino ubale ndi mmene mlingo wa zochita kupanga, komanso kumakhudza magawo zofunika za dongosolo zinthu bwino. Popanga mafakitale, zina zimafuna kupanikizika kwambiri kuposa kupanikizika kwa mumlengalenga, monga kuthamanga kwa polyethylene. Polymerization ikuchitika pa kuthamanga kwa 150MPA, ndipo ena ayenera kuchitidwa pa kuthamanga zoipa otsika kwambiri kuposa kuthamanga mumlengalenga. Monga vacuum distillation m'malo opangira mafuta. Kuthamanga kwamphamvu kwa nthunzi ya PTA chemical plant ndi 8.0MPA, ndipo kukakamiza kwa oxygen kuli pafupifupi 9.0MPAG. Muyeso wa kupanikizika ndi waukulu kwambiri, wogwiritsa ntchito ayenera kutsatira mosamalitsa malamulo ogwiritsira ntchito zida zosiyanasiyana zoyezera kuthamanga, kulimbikitsa kusamalira tsiku ndi tsiku, ndi kusasamala kapena kusasamala kulikonse. Zonsezi zikhoza kuwononga kwambiri ndi kutayika, kulephera kukwaniritsa zolinga zamtundu wapamwamba, zokolola zambiri, zogwiritsira ntchito zochepa komanso zotetezeka.

Gawo loyamba lingaliro lofunikira la kuyeza kuthamanga

• Tanthauzo la kupsinjika maganizo

Popanga mafakitale, zomwe zimatchedwa kukakamiza zimatanthawuza mphamvu yomwe imagwira ntchito mofanana komanso molunjika pagawo la unit, ndipo kukula kwake kumatsimikiziridwa ndi dera lonyamula mphamvu ndi kukula kwa mphamvu yoyimirira. Amafotokozedwa masamu monga:
P = F/S pomwe P ndi kukakamiza, F ndi mphamvu yoyima ndipo S ndi malo amphamvu

• Unit of pressure

Muukadaulo waukadaulo, dziko langa litengera International System of Units (SI). Chigawo cha kuwerengera kupanikizika ndi Pa (Pa), 1Pa ndi mphamvu yopangidwa ndi mphamvu ya 1 Newton (N) yomwe ikugwira ntchito molunjika komanso mofanana pa malo a 1 square mita (M2), yomwe imafotokozedwa ngati N / m2 (Newton / mita lalikulu) , Kuwonjezera pa Pa, gawo lopanikizika lingakhalenso kilopascals ndi megapascals. Ubale wotembenuka pakati pawo ndi: 1MPA=103KPA=106PA
Chifukwa cha chizolowezi chazaka zambiri, kukakamiza kwamlengalenga kwaukadaulo kumagwiritsidwabe ntchito muuinjiniya. Kuti muthandizire kutembenuka kwapawiri kuti mugwiritse ntchito, maulalo osinthika pakati pa mayunitsi angapo omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito nthawi zambiri amalembedwa mu 2-1.

• Njira zowonetsera kupsinjika maganizo

Pali njira zitatu zowonetsera kupanikizika: kupanikizika kotheratu, kuthamanga kwa gauge, kupanikizika kolakwika kapena vacuum.
Kupanikizika pansi pa vacuum mtheradi kumatchedwa absolute zero pressure, ndipo kupanikizika komwe kumasonyezedwa pamaziko a zero absolute zero kumatchedwa absolute pressure.
Kuthamanga kwa gauge ndiko kupanikizika komwe kumasonyezedwa potengera kupanikizika kwa mumlengalenga, kotero ndi chimodzimodzi mpweya umodzi (0.01Mp) kutali ndi kupanikizika kotheratu.
Ndiko kuti: P tebulo = P kwathunthu-P wamkulu (2-2)
Kupanikizika koipa nthawi zambiri kumatchedwa vacuum.
Zitha kuwoneka kuchokera ku chilinganizo (2-2) kuti kupanikizika kolakwika ndiko kukakamiza kwa gauge pamene kupanikizika kwathunthu kumakhala kotsika kusiyana ndi mpweya wamlengalenga.
Ubale pakati pa kupanikizika kotheratu, kuthamanga kwa gauge, kupanikizika koyipa kapena vacuum zikuwonetsedwa pachithunzichi:

Zambiri mwazomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito m'makampani ndizomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito pamakampani ndizomwe zimapangidwira, ndiko kuti, kufunikira kwa chiwongolero cha mphamvu ndi kusiyana pakati pa kupanikizika kotheratu ndi mpweya wamlengalenga, kotero kuti kupanikizika kotheratu ndiko kuchuluka kwa kuthamanga kwa gauge ndi kuthamanga kwamlengalenga.

Gawo 2 Gulu la Zida Zoyezera Mphamvu
Kupanikizika kosiyanasiyana kuti kuyezedwe mukupanga mankhwala ndi kwakukulu kwambiri, ndipo aliyense ali ndi chikhalidwe chake pansi pa zochitika zosiyanasiyana. Izi zimafuna kugwiritsa ntchito zida zoyezera kupanikizika zomwe zimakhala ndi mapangidwe osiyanasiyana ndi mfundo zosiyanasiyana zogwirira ntchito kuti zikwaniritse zofunikira zosiyanasiyana zopanga. Zofunikira zosiyanasiyana.
Malinga ndi mfundo zosiyanasiyana za kutembenuka mtima, zida zoyezera kuthamanga zimatha kugawidwa m'magulu anayi: zoyezera zamadzimadzi; zoyezera kuthamanga kwa elastic; magetsi amagetsi; piston pressure gauges.

• Kuyeza kwamphamvu kwamadzimadzi

Mfundo yogwirira ntchito yazitsulo zamadzimadzimadzimadzi zimatengera mfundo ya hydrostatics. Chida choyezera kupanikizika chomwe chimapangidwa molingana ndi mfundoyi chimakhala ndi dongosolo losavuta, ndi losavuta kugwiritsa ntchito, chimakhala cholondola kwambiri, ndi chotsika mtengo, ndipo chimatha kuyeza zovuta zazing'ono, choncho zimagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri popanga.
Mageji amphamvu amadzimadzi amatha kugawidwa m'magawo a U-tube pressure gauges, machubu amodzi oyezera kuthamanga, ndi machubu oyezera kuthamanga kwa machubu malinga ndi mawonekedwe awo osiyanasiyana.

• Elastic pressure gauge

Elastic pressure gauge imagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri popanga mankhwala chifukwa ili ndi zabwino zotsatirazi, monga mawonekedwe osavuta. Ndi yolimba komanso yodalirika. Ili ndi miyeso yambiri, yosavuta kugwiritsa ntchito, yosavuta kuwerenga, yotsika mtengo, ndipo ili ndi kulondola kokwanira, ndipo ndiyosavuta kupanga kutumiza ndi malangizo akutali, kujambula zokha, ndi zina zotero.
Elastic pressure gauge imapangidwa pogwiritsa ntchito zinthu zotanuka zamitundu yosiyanasiyana kuti zipangitse mapindikidwe a elastic pansi pa kukakamizidwa kuti ayezedwe. M'kati mwa malire otanuka, kusuntha kwa zinthu zotanuka kumakhala muubwenzi wamzere ndi kukakamiza koyenera kuyeza. , Chifukwa chake sikelo yake ndi yofanana, zigawo zotanuka ndi zosiyana, miyeso yoyezera kuthamanga ndi yosiyananso, monga zida za corrugated diaphragm ndi ma bellows, zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito pazovuta zochepa komanso nthawi zochepa zoyezera, chubu limodzi la kasupe (chidule cha chubu cha masika) ndi angapo The chubu la masika la coil limagwiritsidwa ntchito poyeza, kuthamanga kwapakati kapena vacuum. Pakati pawo, chubu limodzi la coil kasupe limakhala ndi miyeso yambiri yoyezera, choncho ndi yomwe imagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri popanga mankhwala.

• Pressure Transmitters

Pakalipano, ma transmitters amagetsi ndi pneumatic amagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri muzomera zamankhwala. Ndi chida chomwe chimayesa mosalekeza kukakamiza koyezera ndikuchisintha kukhala ma siginecha anthawi zonse (kuthamanga kwa mpweya ndi pano). Amatha kufalikira pamtunda wautali, ndipo kupanikizika kungathe kuwonetsedwa, kulembedwa kapena kusinthidwa m'chipinda chapakati cholamulira. Atha kugawidwa kukhala otsika, kuthamanga kwapakatikati, kuthamanga kwambiri komanso kuthamanga kwathunthu molingana ndi magawo osiyanasiyana oyezera.

Gawo 3 Mau oyamba a Zida Zokakamiza M'zomera Zamankhwala
M'mafakitale amankhwala, ma geji a Bourdon chubu amagwiritsidwa ntchito poyesa kuthamanga. Komabe, ma diaphragm, corrugated diaphragm ndi ma spiral pressure gauges amagwiritsidwanso ntchito malinga ndi zofunikira pa ntchito komanso zofunikira zakuthupi.
M'mimba mwake mwadzina la choyezera kuthamanga kwa pamalopo ndi 100mm, ndipo zinthu zake ndi chitsulo chosapanga dzimbiri. Ndizoyenera nyengo zonse. Chiyerekezo chopimira chokhala ndi 1/2HNPT cholumikizira cholumikizira chabwino, galasi lachitetezo ndi nembanemba yotulutsa mpweya, chizindikiritso chapamalo ndikuwongolera ndi pneumatic. Kulondola kwake ndi ± 0.5% ya sikelo yonse.
Magetsi otumizira magetsi amagwiritsidwa ntchito potumiza ma sign akutali. Amadziwika ndi kulondola kwambiri, kuchita bwino, komanso kudalirika kwakukulu. Kulondola kwake ndi ± 0.25% ya sikelo yonse.
Ma alarm kapena interlock system amagwiritsa ntchito chosinthira chokakamiza.

Gawo 4 Kuyika, Kugwiritsa Ntchito ndi Kukonza Zoyezera Zopanikizika
Kulondola kwa kuyeza kwa kupanikizika sikungokhudzana ndi kulondola kwa chiwongoladzanja chokha, komanso ngati chimayikidwa moyenera, ngati chiri cholondola kapena ayi, ndi momwe chimagwiritsidwira ntchito ndi kusungidwa.

• Kuyika kwa pressure gauge

Poika makina opimitsira, chisamaliro chiyenera kulipidwa ngati njira yoponderezedwa yosankhidwa ndi malo ndi yoyenera, yomwe imakhudza mwachindunji moyo wake wautumiki, kulondola kwa kuyeza ndi kulamulira khalidwe.
Zofunikira pazigawo zoyezera kuthamanga, kuwonjezera pakusankha molondola malo oyezera kuthamanga kwamagetsi pazida zopangira, pakuyika, kumapeto kwamkati kwa chitoliro choponderezedwa chomwe chimayikidwa mu zida zopangira kuyenera kusungidwa ndi khoma lamkati la malo olumikizirana ndi zida zopangira. Pasakhale ma protrusions kapena ma burrs kuti muwonetsetse kuti kuthamanga kwa static kwapezedwa molondola.
Malo oyikapo ndi osavuta kuwona, ndipo yesetsani kupewa kugwedezeka ndi kutentha kwambiri.
Poyesa kuthamanga kwa nthunzi, chitoliro cha condensate chiyenera kuikidwa kuti chiteteze kukhudzana kwachindunji pakati pa nthunzi yotentha kwambiri ndi zigawo zake, ndipo chitolirocho chiyenera kutsekedwa nthawi yomweyo. Kwa media zowononga, matanki odzipatula odzazidwa ndi media osalowerera ayenera kukhazikitsidwa. Mwachidule, malinga ndi makhalidwe osiyanasiyana a sing'anga kuyeza (kutentha kwambiri, kutentha otsika, dzimbiri, dothi, crystallization, mpweya, mamasukidwe akayendedwe, etc.), kutenga lolingana odana ndi dzimbiri, odana ndi kuzizira, odana kutsekereza miyeso. Valve yotsekera iyeneranso kuikidwa pakati pa doko lotengera kupanikizika ndi kuthamanga kwa magazi, kotero kuti pamene chitsulo chowongolera chikugwedezeka, valve yotseka iyenera kuikidwa pafupi ndi doko loyendetsa.
Pankhani ya kutsimikizira pamalowo komanso kuthamangitsidwa pafupipafupi kwa chubu chotengera, valavu yotseka imatha kukhala njira zitatu.
Katheta wotsogolera kupanikizika sayenera kukhala motalika kwambiri kuti achepetse ulesi wakuwonetsa kupanikizika.

• Kugwiritsa ntchito ndi kukonza gauge ya pressure

Pakupanga mankhwala, zoyezera zoyezera nthawi zambiri zimakhudzidwa ndi sing'anga yoyezera monga dzimbiri, kulimba, crystallization, mamasukidwe akayendedwe, fumbi, kuthamanga kwambiri, kutentha kwambiri, komanso kusinthasintha kwakuthwa, komwe nthawi zambiri kumayambitsa kulephera kosiyanasiyana kwa geji. Pofuna kuonetsetsa kuti chidacho chikugwira ntchito bwino, kuchepetsa kulephera, ndikuwonjezera moyo wautumiki, m'pofunika kuchita ntchito yabwino yoyang'anira kukonza ndi kukonza nthawi zonse musanayambe kupanga.
1. Kusamalira ndi kuyang'anira ntchito isanayambe:
Asanayambe kupanga, ntchito yoyezetsa kukakamiza nthawi zambiri imachitidwa pazida zamakina, mapaipi, ndi zina zambiri. Kuthamanga kwa mayeso nthawi zambiri kumakhala pafupifupi nthawi 1.5 kuposa kuthamanga kwa ntchito. Valavu yolumikizidwa ku chidacho iyenera kutsekedwa panthawi yoyeserera kukakamiza. Tsegulani valavu pa chipangizo chotengera kuthamanga ndikuwona ngati pali kutayikira kulikonse m'malo olumikizirana mafupa ndi kuwotcherera. Ngati kutayikira kulikonse kwapezeka, kuyenera kuthetsedwa munthawi yake.
Pambuyo poyesa kuthamanga kwatha. Musanakonzekere kuti muyambe kupanga, fufuzani ngati ndondomeko ndi chitsanzo cha makina osindikizira omwe amaikidwa akugwirizana ndi kupanikizika kwa sing'anga yoyezera yomwe imafunidwa ndi ndondomekoyi; ngati geji yoyezera ili ndi satifiketi, ndipo ngati pali zolakwika, ziyenera kukonzedwa munthawi yake. Kuyeza kuthamanga kwamadzimadzi kumafunika kudzazidwa ndi madzi ogwirira ntchito, ndipo zero point iyenera kukonzedwa. Chiyerekezo chopimira chomwe chili ndi chipangizo chozipatula chiyenera kuwonjezera madzi odzipatula.
2. Kusamalira ndi kuyang'anira mphamvu yopimira pamene mukuyendetsa:
Poyambira kupanga, kuyeza kwapakati kwa pulsating sing'anga, pofuna kupewa kuwonongeka kwa chiwongolero chamagetsi chifukwa cha kukhudzidwa kwanthawi yomweyo ndi kupsinjika, valavu iyenera kutsegulidwa pang'onopang'ono ndipo machitidwe ogwirira ntchito ayenera kuwonedwa.
Pazitsulo zoyezera kutentha kwa nthunzi kapena madzi otentha, condenser iyenera kudzazidwa ndi madzi ozizira musanatsegule valve pa kupima kuthamanga. Pamene kutayikira kwa chida kapena payipi kumapezeka, valavu pa chipangizo chotengera mphamvu iyenera kudulidwa mu nthawi, ndikuthana nayo.
3. Kukonza tsiku ndi tsiku koyezera kuthamanga:
Chida chomwe chikugwiritsidwa ntchito chiyenera kuyang'aniridwa pafupipafupi tsiku lililonse kuti mita ikhale yaukhondo ndikuwona kukhulupirika kwa mita. Ngati vutoli likupezeka, lithetseni nthawi.